Researcher, P.Eng., agr., Ph.D.
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Stéphane Godbout (P.Eng., agr., Ph.D.) earned a bachelor's degree in agricultural engineering from Université Laval, where he also completed a master's degree in agricultural engineering in 1990, and a doctoral degree in civil engineering in 1996. While a graduate student he did research that helped to change the design standards for circular slurry storage tanks made of reinforced concrete. Stéphane Godbout spent three years at Centre de développement du porc du Québec and then joined IRDA in November 2000. His research focuses on livestock breeding and manure management strategies, and on the impact of gas and odour emissions on co-existence. In the past few years he has helped set up mobile laboratories to measure airborne emissions from livestock buildings. More recently, Stéphane initiated a research program targeting the conversion of residual biomasses (energy, materials, bedding, etc.) and established a specialized infrastructure (LEAD: a laboratory for developing green energy applications in agriculture) to pursue these objectives. While engaged in a refresher course at the Silsoe Research Institute in Great Britain from 2002 to 2003, he developed a new passive sampler for measuring GHG emissions. In 2003 he received both a “Young Engineer of the Year” Award from Association québécoise des ingénieurs en agroalimentaire and a “Young Engineer of the Year” Award from the Canadian Society for Bioengineering (CSBE/SCGAB).
Project to determine the real value of the phosphorus load associated with bison production in Québec.
Researcher: Stéphane Godbout
The project’s objective is to make available an indoor and outdoor exercise yard design that improves dairy cow and calf well-being while complying with Québec regulations.
Researcher: Stéphane Godbout
The aim of this work is to bring IRDA’s agri-environmental expertise to bear on the challenges associated with the conversion of agri-food waste into biomolecules with potential agricultural applications.
Researcher: Stéphane Godbout
Development of a strategy for rapidly producing biomass using restoration and irrigation.
Researcher: Stéphane Godbout
The purpose of our project was to generate benchmark data on phosphorus discharge from bison farms in Québec.
Researcher: Stéphane Godbout
This project is part of a broader effort to develop a descriptive grid of agricultural biomass residues to support decisions about how they can optimally be recovered.
Researcher: Stéphane Godbout
Scientific article • Stéphane Godbout, Patrick Brassard
Álvarez-Chávez, E., Godbout, S., Rousseau N., A., Brassard, P. et Fournel, S. . 2022. settings Open AccessArticle Performance of Various Filtering Media for the Treatment of Cow Manure from Exercise Pens—A Laboratory Study. Water. 14(1912) 12 DownloadScientific article • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios
Philippe, F.X., Y. Mahmoudia, D. Cinq-Mars, M. Lefrançois, N. Moula, J. Palacios, F. Pelletier, S. Godbout. 2020. Comparison of egg production, quality and composition in three production systems for laying hens. Livestock Science. 232(February 2020) DownloadScientific article • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios
Alvarez-Chavez, B.J., S. Godbout, J.H. Palacios-Rios, É. Le Roux, V. Raghavana. 2019. Physical, chemical, thermal and biological pre-treatment technologies in fast pyrolysis to maximize bio-oil quality: A critical review. Biomass and Bioenergy. 128(September 2019) DownloadScientific article • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios, Dan Zegan
Larios, A. D., S. Godbout, S. Brar, J. Palacios, D. Zegan, F. Sandoval-Salas, B. Predicala, A. Avalos-Ramirez. 2019. Parameters determining the performance of passive flux samplers proposed as a tool to estimate N2O emissions: evaluation at farm level and perspectives. Springer Nature 2019. 10 p. DownloadScientific article • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios
L., Araceli, V. Laxman, B. Alvarez, P. Kuknur, J. Palacios, P. Shivanand, A. Avalos, S. Goudbout, F. Sandoval, C. Osorio, S. Brar, H. Kryshnamoorthy and T. Zhang. 2018. Current Status of Resources/Energy Recovery from Wastewater and Environmental Management. Handbook of Environmental Engineering. Montréal : McGraw-Hill Education. 237-247. DownloadScientific article • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios, Dan Zegan
Larios, A. D., S. Godbout, S. K. Brar, J. H. Palacios, D. Zegan, A. Avalos-Ramírez, F. Sandoval-Salas. 2018. Development of passive flux samplers based on adsorption to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources. Biosystems Engineering. 169(May 2018) 165-174. DownloadScientific article • Patrick Brassard, Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios, Thomas Jeanne, Richard Hogue
Brassard, P., S. Godbout, J. H. Palacios, T. Jeanne, R. Hogue, P. Dubé, L. Limousy, V. Raghavan. 2018. Effect of six engineered biochars on GHG emissions from two agricultural soils: A short-term incubation study. Geoderma. 327(October 2018) 73-84. Pyrolysis of agricultural residues to produce bio-oil having No.2 fuel oil characteristics for greenhouse heating systems DownloadScientific article • Joahnn Palacios, Stéphane Godbout
R. Cabral, M., E. Y. Nakanishi, V. dos Santos, J. H. Palacios, S. Godbout, H. Savastano Junior, J. Fiorelli. 2018. Evaluation of pre-treatment efficiency on sugarcane bagasse fibers for the production of cement composites. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 18(4) 1092-1102. DownloadScientific article • Joahnn Palacios, Stéphane Godbout
R. Cabral, M., E. Y. Nakanishi, G. Mármol, J. H. Palacios, S. Godbout, R. Lagacé, H. Savastano Junior, J. Fiorelli. 2018. Potential of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) stalks to produce cement-bonded particleboards. Industrial Crops & Products. 122(October 2018) 214-222. DownloadScientific article • Patrick Brassard, Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios
Brassard, P., S. Godbout, F. Pelletier, V. Raghavan and J. H. Palacios. 2018. Pyrolysis of switchgrass in an auger reactor for biochar production: A greenhouse gas and energy impacts assessment. Biomass and Bioenergy. 116(September 2018) 99-105. Pyrolysis of agricultural residues to produce bio-oil having No.2 fuel oil characteristics for greenhouse heating systems DownloadScientific article • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios
Larios, A.D., F. Chebana, S. Godbout, S.K. Brar, F. Valera, J.H. Palacios, A. Avalos Ramirez, F. Saldoval-Salas, J.P. Larouche, D. Medina-Hernández, L. Potvin. 2018. Analysis of atmospheric ammonia concentration from four sites in Quebec City region over 2010–2013. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 9(3) 476-482. DownloadScientific article • Patrick Brassard, Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios, Dan Zegan
Brassard, P., S. Godbout, V. Raghavan, J. Palacios, M. Grenier and D. Zegan. 2017. The Production of Engineered Biochars in a Vertical Auger Pyrolysis Reactor for Carbon Sequestration. Energies. 10(3) 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10030288. DownloadScientific article • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios
Larios, A. D., S. K. Brar, A. A. Ramírez, S. Godbout, F. Sandoval-Salas, J. H. Palacios. 2016. Challenges in the measurement of emissions of nitrous oxide and methane from livestock sector . Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology. 15(2) 285–297. DownloadScientific article • Joahnn Palacios, Stéphane Godbout
Fournel, S., J. H. Palacios, R. Morissette, J. Villeneuve, S. Godbout and P. Savoie. 2015. Particulate concentrations during on-farm combustion of energy crops of different shapes and harvest seasons. Atmospheric Environment. 104(March 2015) 50-58. DownloadScientific article • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios
Pouliot, R., S. Hugron, L. Rochefort, S. Godbout, J. H. Palacios, E. Groeneveld and I. Jarry. 2015. Manure derived biochar can successfully replace phosphate rock amendment in peatland restoration. Journal of Environmental Management. 157(1 July 2015) 118-126. DownloadScientific article • Joahnn Palacios, Stéphane Godbout
Fournel, S., J. H. Palacios, R. Morissette, J. Villeneuve, S. Godbout and P. Savoie. 2015. Influence of biomass properties on technical and environmental performance of a multi-fuel boiler during on-farm combustion of energy crops. Applied Energy. 141(1 March 2015) 247-259. DownloadScientific article • Joahnn Palacios, Stéphane Godbout
Verma, M., J. Palacios, F. Pelletier, S. Godbout, S. Brar, R. Tyagi and R. Surampalli. 2015. Carbon Capture and Sequestration: Physical/Chemical Technologies. Carbon Capture and Storage: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Methods. Chapter 3. American Society of Civil Engineers. ISBN (print): 978-0-7844-1367-8; ISBN (PDF): 978-0-7844-7891-2. p. 37-64. DownloadScientific article • Patrick Brassard, Joahnn Palacios, Stéphane Godbout
Brassard, P., J. H. Palacios, S. Godbout, D. Bussières, R. Lagacé, J.-P. Larouche and F. Pelletier. 2014. Comparison of the gaseous and particulate matter emissions from the combustion of agricultural and forest biomasses. Bioresource Technology. 155 300-306. DownloadScientific article • Stéphane Godbout, Patrick Brassard, Joahnn Palacios
Fournel, S., S. Godbout, M. Heitz, P. Brassard and J. Palacios. 2012. Gaseous Emissions from Agricultural Biomass Combustion: Influence of Biomass Characteristics. NABEC-CSBE/SCGAB 2012 Joint Meeting and Technical Conference, Orillia, Ontario, July 15-18. 7 p. DownloadScientific article • Joahnn Palacios, Stéphane Godbout
Palacios, J.H., S.Godbout, R.F. El Cadhi, L. Potvin, M. Belzile and F. Pelletier. 2012. Odorant Emissions from the Storage and Combustion of Agricultural Biomasses. NABEC-CSBE/SCGAB 2012 Joint Meeting and Technical Conference, Orillia, Ontario, July 15-18. 6 p. DownloadScientific article • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios, Patrick Brassard
Godbout, S., J.H. Palacios, P. Brassard, J.-P. Larouche, F. Pelletier S.P. Lemay, D. Bussières and M. Girard. 2012. Combustion of Agricultural Biomass: Mass Balance on Principal Elements. Proceedings of the International Conference of Agriculturan Engineering, Valencia, Spain. July 8-12, 2012 . 6 p. DownloadScientific article • Joahnn Palacios, Stéphane Godbout, Patrick Brassard
Palacios, J.H., M. Verma, S.Godbout, F. Pelletier, P. Brassard, J.-P. Larouche, D. Bussières and O. Solomatnikova. 2011. Value-Addition of Residual Ashes from Different Biomass Origins in Cement Based Materials: a Comparative Study. CIGR 7th International Symposium - Québec City, Canada - September 18-21. 10 p. DownloadScientific article • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios, Patrick Brassard
Godbout, S., J.H. Palacios, P. Brassard, F. Pelletier, S.P. Lemay and D. Bussières. 2011. Energy production from direct combustion of agricultural biomass on farm. CSBE/SCGAB 2011 Annual Conference, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 10-13 July. 10 p. DownloadScientific article • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios
Godbout, S., F. Pelletier, J.H. Palacios, J.-P. Larouche and S.P. Lemay. 2011. Emissions from Direct Combustion of Agricultural Biomass on Farm. The 33rd International Symposium of Section IV of CIGR: Bioenergy and other Renewable Energy Technologies and Systems. Bucharest, Romania, June23-25, 2011. Paper OS106. 6 p. DownloadScientific article • Joahnn Palacios, Stéphane Godbout
Palacios, J.H., S.Godbout, R. Lagacé, F. Pelletier, J.-P. Larouche, L. Potvin and S.P. Lemay. 2010. Improvement on a Passive Flux Sampler for the Measurement of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions. CIGR XVIIth World Congress - Québec City, Canada, June 13-17. 11 pages. DownloadScientific article • Dan Zegan, Stéphane Godbout
Lemay, S. P., M. Belzile, D. Zegan, J.J.R. Feddes, S. Godbout et M. Martel. 2008. Revue systématique de la littérature sur les performances techniques des systèmes de traitement de l'air vicié émis par les bâtiments porcins. Agrosolutions. 19(2) 51-62. DownloadScientific article • Stéphane Godbout, Richard Hogue
Pelletier, F., C. De Foy, A. Marquis, S. Godbout, R. Hogue, R. Joncas, J-P. Larouche, D. Massé et R. Gagné. 2003. Effets de différents types de béton sur les émissions de gaz et d'odeurs et sur la présence de bactéries dans les bâtiments porcins. Agrosol. 14(1) 53-60. DownloadGuide • Stéphane Godbout, Luc Belzile, Caroline Côté, Mylène Généreux, Christine Landry, Denis Potvin
Godbout, S., S. Adam, L. Belzile, P. Brassard, L. Chauveau, C. Côté, C. Duchaine, S. Dufour, K. Duquette-Lozeau, G. Fecteau, S. Fournel, M. Généreux, D. Godonou, C. Landry, V. Létourneau, A. Lévesque, S. Ouslati, D. Potvin, P. Ruel, M. Villettaz-Robichaud. 2022. Litière recyclée en production laitière | État des connaissances et balises. IRDA. 44 p. DownloadGuide • Stéphane Godbout, Patrick Brassard, Joahnn Palacios
Godbout S., P. Brassard, J. Palacios. 2017. Calcul du volume de fumier pour le dimensionnement des structures d'entreposage : Évaluation des volumes complémentaires. IRDA. ISBN 978-2-924007-28-0. 20 p. Technical guide on how to factor in added bedding and water and feed losses in determining the total volume for designing manure storage tanks DownloadGuide • Stéphane Godbout, Patrick Brassard, Luc Belzile, Christine Landry
Godbout, S., P. Brassard, F. Pelletier, M. Grenier, P. Grenier, L. Belzile, C. Landry, F. Bolduc, O. Benslimane et D. Bilodeau. 2014. Accumulation d'eau dans les installations d'entreposage des fumiers à ciel ouvert. IRDA & Ouranos. 20 pages. DownloadSummary sheet • Patrick Brassard, Vincent Desbiens, Stéphane Godbout
Desbiens, V., Brassard, P., Beauchamp, R. et Godbout, S.. 2022. . DownloadSummary sheet • Vincent Desbiens, Patrick Brassard, Stéphane Godbout
Desbiens, V., Brassard, P., Beauchamp, R. et Godbout, S.. 2022. . DownloadSummary sheet • Patrick Brassard, Vincent Desbiens, Stéphane Godbout
Desbiens, V., Brassard, P., Beauchamp, R. et Godbout, S.. 2022. . DownloadSummary sheet • Patrick Brassard, Vincent Desbiens, Stéphane Godbout
Desbiens, V., Brassard, P., Beauchamp, R. et Godbout, S.. 2022. . DownloadSummary sheet • Patrick Brassard, Vincent Desbiens, Stéphane Godbout
Desbiens, V., Brassard, P., Beauchamp, R. et Godbout, S.. 2022. . DownloadSummary sheet • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios, Patrick Brassard, Luc Belzile
Godbout, S., S. P. Lemay, J.-P. Larouche, F. Pelletier, J. Palacios, P. Brassard, L. Belzile et P. Dubé. 2011. Bilan énergétique et caractérisation des effluents de combustion de la biomasse agricole. IRDA. 2 pages. DownloadLiterature review • Patrick Brassard, Stéphane Godbout, Vincent Desbiens
Desbiens, V., Brassard, P., Beauchamp, R. et Godbout, S.. 2022. . DownloadResearch report • Patrick Brassard, Stéphane Godbout, Vincent Desbiens
Desbiens, V., Brassard, P., Beauchamp, R. et Godbout, S.. 2022. . DownloadResearch report • Stéphane Godbout, Patrick Brassard
Godbout, S., P. Brassard, M.-F. Blais, N. Coté, H. Mannai. 2019. Émissions de GES des modes d'élevages de bovins de boucherie au Québec : Quantification et réduction. IRDA. 19 p. Quantifying and reducing GHG emissions on Québec beef farms DownloadResearch report • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios, Patrick Brassard, Dan Zegan,Luc Belzile
Godbout, S., J. H. Palacios, P. Brassard, D. Zegan, O. Solomatnikova, L. Belzile, A. Patry, P. Seers, S. Elcadhi, E. Le Roux et F. Pelletier. 2017. Valorisation de résidus agricoles par conversion thermochimique afin de produire un combustible destiné aux systèmes de chauffage au mazout no 2 actuellement en place dans les entreprises serricoles. IRDA & Partners. 94 p. Pyrolysis of agricultural residues to produce bio-oil having No.2 fuel oil characteristics for greenhouse heating systems DownloadResearch report • Christine Landry, Mylène Marchand-Roy, Caroline Côté, Stéphane Godbout, Luc Belzile, Richard Hogue
Landry, C., M. Marchand-Roy, C. Côté, S. Godbout, L. Belzile, R. Hogue, D. Cinq-Mars. 2017. Rapport de recherche - Évaluation du potentiel de valorisation de résidus granulés de pommes de terre à la ferme pour les filières fertilisation, alimentation animale et énergie. IRDA. 109 p. Assessing the potential of using granulated potato residues to produce animal feed, fertilizers, and energy DownloadResearch report • Christine Landry, Mylène Marchand-Roy, Caroline Côté, Stéphane Godbout, Luc Belzile, Richard Hogue
Landry, C., M. Marchand-Roy, C. Côté, S. Godbout, D. Cinq-Mars, L. Belzile, R. Hogue. 2017. Évaluation du potentiel de valorisation de résidus granulés de pommes de terre à la ferme pour les filières alimentation animale, fertilisation et énergie. IRDA. 27 p. Assessing the potential of using granulated potato residues to produce animal feed, fertilizers, and energy DownloadResearch report • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios, Christine Landry, Patrick Brassard
Godbout, S., L. Rochefort, R. Pouliot, S. Hogue-Hugron, J. H. Palacios. L. Potvin, J.P. Larouche, C. Landry, P. Dubé et P. Brassard. 2015. Nouvelle alternative pour la gestion du surplus de phosphore à l’aide du biocharbon pyrolytique. IRDA. 103 p. DownloadResearch report • Patrick Brassard, Mylène Généreux, Caroline Côté, Stéphane Godbout, Luc Belzile
Brassard, P., M. Généreux, C. Côté, S. Godbout et L. Belzile. 2014. Solutions optimales pour une gestion durable des eaux de lavage de légumes à l'échelle de la ferme : projets pilotes. Rapport final présenté au CDAQ dans le cadre du PCAA. 61 p. DownloadResearch report • Richard Hogue, Thomas Jeanne, Stéphane Godbout
Lemay, S.P., M. Girard, M. Belzile, R. Hogue, C. Duchaine, V. Létourneau, M. Martel, T. Jeanne, J. Feddes, S. Godbout et F. Pouliot. 2012. Un concept innovateur pour traiter l'air émis des bâtiments porcins réduisant l'impact environnemental et favorisant la cohabitation. IRDA. 125 pages. DownloadResearch report • Stéphane Godbout, Patrick Brassard
Fournel, S., F. Pelletier, S. Godbout et P. Brassard. 2012. Étude environnementale des systèmes d’enclos d’hivernage de vaches-veaux : modélisation des mouvements d’eau afin d’optimiser le dimensionnement des infrastructures. IRDA. 33 pages. DownloadResearch report • Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios, Dan Zegan
Godbout, S., S.P. Lemay, F. Pelletier, M. Belzile, J.-P. Larouche, L.D. Tamini, J.H. Palacios et D. Zegan. 2010. Réduction des émissions gazeuses et odorantes aux bâtiments porcins : techniques simples et efficaces applicables à la ferme. IRDA. 143 pages. DownloadResearch report • Stéphane Godbout
Lemay, S.P., M. Belzile, A. Veillette, B. Jean, S. Godbout, F. Pelletier, C. Roy, D. Parent, L.D. Tamini, Y. Chen et F. Pouliot. 2008. Mesure de l’impact socioéconomique de pratiques d’épandage combinées à une activité d’information à l’aide d’un indicateur et d’une analyse économique. IRDA, UQAR, MAPAQ, Université Laval, Université du Manitoba, CDPQ. 53 pages. DownloadResearch report • Caroline Côté, Stéphane Godbout
Côté, C., N. Aktouche, S. Godbout, D.I. Massé, Y. Bernard, R. Chabot, A.M. Pourcher et J. Martinez. 2007. Impact des systèmes de traitement des lisiers sur la qualité microbiologique du sous-produit liquide. Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec. 88 pages. DownloadResearch report • Stéphane Godbout
Lemay, S.P., S. Godbout, R. Bergeron, M. Belzile, B. Predicala, C. Laguë. A. Marquis, F. Pouliot et F. Rondeau. 2007. Développement d’un nouveau concept d’enclos pour élevages porcins « sans latte » permettant de séparer les déjections et de réduire les émissions gazeuses et odorantes. Rapport final, projet CORPAQ n°. 704026. 79 p. DownloadResearch report • Luc Belzile, Stéphane Godbout
Godbout, S., M. Belzile, I. Lachance, S.P. Lemay, M.J. Turgeon, V. Dufour, F. Pouliot et A. Marquis. 2006. Évaluation technico-économique d'un système de séparation liquide/solide des déjections à la source dans un bâtiment porcin et les impacts sur l'environnement - Volet II. IRDA. 69 pages. DownloadResearch report • Stéphane Godbout
Godbout, S., R. Joncas, D. Y. Martin, B. Beaulieu, M. Trudelle, S. Richard, M. Côté et F. Léveillée. 2002. Évaluation des performances techniques des séparateurs mécaniques à lisier et de leur rapport efficacité/coût. Rapport final présenté au CDAQ dans le cadre du Programme agroenvironnemental - Volet transfert et innovation technologique. IRDA. 68 pages & Annexes. DownloadPoster • Patrick Brassard, Stéphane Godbout, Joahnn Palacios
Brassard, P., S. Godbout, J.H. Palacios, E. Le Roux, B. Alvarez-Chavez, V. Raghavan, L. Hamelin. 2019. A pyrolysis biorefinery allows flexibility for the development of bio-based products from wood residues in a smart bioeconomy. IRDA. 1 p. DownloadPoster • Joahnn Palacios, Stéphane Godbout, Patrick Brassard, Dan Zegan
Palacios, J. H., S. Godbout, M. C. Diaz-Acosta, P. Brassard, D. Zegan, E. Le Roux, P. Seers. 2019. Catalytic cracking to optimize pyrolysis of plastic waste: preliminary study. Air & Waste Management 112th Annual Conference & Exhibition. 1 p. DownloadPoster • Marc-Olivier Gasser, Stéphane Godbout
Girard, M., M.-O. Gasser, M. Belzile, M.-H. Perron, S. Godbout. 2014. Innovative technique for the measurement of field emissions in small plots after application of swine manure. IRDA. 6 p. Determining the ideal time to spread pig manure to improve crop yield and protect soil, water, and air quality DownloadPatent • Stéphane Godbout, Dan Zegan
Verma, M., S. Godbout, O. Solomatnikova, D. Zegan, J.-P. Larouche, F. Pelletier. 2016. System and process for thermochemical treatment of matter containing organic compounds. CA 2830968. Pyrolysis of agricultural residues to produce bio-oil having No.2 fuel oil characteristics for greenhouse heating systems DownloadPatent • Stéphane Godbout, Dan Zegan
Verma M., S. Godbout, O. Solomatnikova, D. Zegan, J.-P. Larouche, F. Pelletier. 2016. System and process for thermochemical treatment of matter containing organic compounds. US 9,486,774. Pyrolysis of agricultural residues to produce bio-oil having No.2 fuel oil characteristics for greenhouse heating systems DownloadPresentation • Joahnn Palacios, Stéphane Godbout
Palacios, J.H., S.Godbout, F. Pelletier, S.P. Lemay, R. Lagacé, V.R. Phillips and R.W. Sneath. 2009. Flow Pattern Study Inside Passive Flux Sampler Using Molecular Sieve. CSBE/SCGAB 2009 Annual Conference, Prince Edward Island, 12-15 July. 11 p. DownloadAgri-Environmental Analysis Laboratory Manager, chemist, M.Sc.
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